· Drinking too much
Why it’s harmful: Alcohol depresses the nervous system, slowing you down and potentially dragging your mood down as well. What’s more, drinking too much alcohol in the evening—though it may initially make you sleepy—tends to cause nighttime waking and less refreshing sleep, Buse says.
What you can do: Limit your intake to “moderate” levels, which doctors define as one drink per day for women and two drinks per day for men. If it’s a special occasion and you do choose to exceed those limits, be sure to pace yourself, count your drinks, and alternate alcoholic beverages with water.
Keeping up with the Joneses
Why it’s harmful: Constantly comparing our income or possessions to those of others is “one of the reasons Americans are not as happy as people in other countries,” Buse says. Coveting your neighbor’s riches tends to breed dissatisfaction, and it’s also a bit irrational, since the relationship between income and happiness is actually much weaker than we think.
What you can do: Focus instead on being grateful for what you do have. Studies have shown that simple exercises—such as keeping a “gratitude journal,” or writing a letter to a loved one—are associated with greater satisfaction, optimism, and happiness.
Obsessive thinking
Why it’s harmful: Turning the same thoughts over and over again in your mind sends your body and brain into the stressed-out state known as fight or flight, Buse says. Your breathing and heart rate quicken, and your body releases the stress hormones adrenaline and cortisol, all of which takes a toll on both your physical and emotional health.
What you can do: Learn to recognize the thoughts you dwell on most, and train yourself to avoid those obsessive pathways. Deep breathing helps, as does snapping yourself out of it—literally. “Put a rubber band on your wrist as a reminder and every time you’re ruminating, pull it back a little,” Buse advises. “It’s a reminder to stop ruminating and change your train of thought.”
Bottling up anger
Why it’s harmful: Anger and frustration are completely normal reactions to life’s inevitable challenges. But when you suppress those feelings and let your grudges and grievances fester, it can backfire. Several studies, in fact, have found that suppressed anger and angry brooding—a type of obsessive thinking—are associated with depression symptoms.
What you can do: It’s important to express negative emotions, but only in appropriate ways. If you can communicate your anger in an assertive but calm manner, you’re likely to feel better afterward. If that’s not an option, your best bet might be to just let it go: Research suggests the act of forgiving confers mental health benefits.
Working too much
Why it’s harmful: When our work-life balance is out of whack, we tend to get stressed-out and we increase our risk of more serious mental health problems. A 2011 study of British civil servants found that working 11-plus hours a day (versus a more reasonable 7 or 8) more than doubled a person’s odds of sliding into depression.
What you can do: Think carefully about your values and priorities and make sure your schedule reflects them, Buse advises. And set aside time for family, friends, and hobbies the same way you’d commit to a meeting at work. “It sounds kind of funny to plan for fun or relaxation, but making it protected time is really important,” Buse says.
Staying inside
Why it’s harmful: Holing up inside deprives us of two mental-health essentials: vitamin D, which is produced by the body in response to sunlight and has been shown to protect against depression, and nature itself, which appears to soothe us on a subconscious level. In a recent study, brain scans showed that people who walked through parks were calmer and less frustrated than when they walked on busy city streets.
What you can do: Get outside! If you work in an office, take a walk—in a green space, if possible—or sit outside during your lunch break. “Even a pretty small amount of sunlight—15 minutes—can really, really help,” Buse says.
Social isolation
Why it’s harmful: Although withdrawing from friends and family is a common symptom of depression and anxiety, social isolation—and especially accompanying feelings of loneliness—also increases the likelihood of experiencing those mental health problems. By the same token, strong relationships tend to protect against depression and promote happiness.
What you can do: Even if you’re preoccupied or not in the mood, make an effort to connect (or reconnect) with friends and loved ones, even for just a few minutes over coffee. Social interactions like this are uplifting—and they often end up being more fun than we expect, experts say.
Perfectionism
Why it’s harmful: Trying to meet an unattainably high standard of perfection in everything you do, be it tonight’s dinner or tomorrow’s work presentation, is a recipe for disappointment and low self-esteem. So it’s not surprising that perfectionism has been linked to a suite of mental health problems including depression, anxiety, and eating disorders.
What you can do: Instead of perfectionism, aim for what mental health experts call healthy striving. That means setting more attainable goals, welcoming mistakes as avenues for learning, and, most of all, enjoying the journey, not just the destination.
Pessimism
Why it’s harmful: How hopeful and upbeat you are about the world is something of a self-fulfilling prophecy. Pessimists who consistently view the glass as half empty appear to be more vulnerable to depression, anxiety, sleep disorders, and other health problems. Optimism, on the other hand, seems to help with coping and protect against those same conditions.
What you can do: Practice focusing your thoughts on positive things. (A gratitude list can be a powerful tool here.) And if you’re not feeling happier, fake it till you make it. “Studies have shown that smiling can actually make you feel happier and more optimistic about the present and future,” Buse says.